'He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead' by William Butler Yeats


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WERE you but lying cold and dead,
And lights were paling out of the West,
You would come hither, and bend your head,
And I would lay my head on your breast;
And you would murmur tender words,
Forgiving me, because you were dead:
Nor would you rise and hasten away,
Though you have the will of the wild birds,
But know your hair was bound and wound
About the stars and moon and sun:
O would, beloved, that you lay
Under the dock-leaves in the ground,
While lights were paling one by one.


Editor 1 Interpretation

He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead: A Literary Criticism and Interpretation

William Butler Yeats' poem, He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead, is a powerful expression of the poet's conflicting emotions towards his lover. The poem has received widespread acclaim for its evocative imagery, haunting tone, and innovative use of symbolism. In this literary criticism and interpretation, we will delve into the deeper meanings of the poem and explore its themes, motifs, symbols, and stylistic devices.

Background

He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead was first published in Yeats' collection of poems, "The Rose," in 1893. The poem was inspired by Yeats' affair with Maud Gonne, a famous Irish revolutionary and feminist who became the muse for many of his poems. Yeats' relationship with Gonne was complex and tumultuous, and he often expressed conflicting emotions towards her in his poetry.

The poem reflects Yeats' ambivalent feelings towards his lover. On one hand, he desires her intensely, but on the other hand, he wishes for her death as a way to escape from the pain of his unrequited love. The poem is a powerful expression of Yeats' struggle to reconcile his conflicting emotions and desires.

Themes

The poem explores several themes, including love, death, desire, and the nature of reality. The main theme of the poem is the conflict between love and death. The speaker is torn between his love for his beloved and his desire for her death as a way to escape the pain of his unrequited love. The poem also explores the theme of desire, as the speaker longs for his beloved but is unable to attain her.

Another theme of the poem is the nature of reality. The speaker's desire for his beloved's death is rooted in his belief that death is a way to escape from the painful realities of life. The poem also explores the theme of mortality, as the speaker reflects on the fleeting nature of life and the inevitability of death.

Motifs

The poem features several motifs, including the moon, the stars, and the sea. The moon and the stars are used to symbolize the speaker's desire for his beloved, while the sea represents the vast and unknowable nature of existence. The moon and stars also represent the beauty and mystery of love, while the sea symbolizes the vastness and complexity of the human experience.

Symbols

The poem features several symbols, including the white moths, the flame, and the tower. The white moths represent the fleeting nature of life, while the flame represents the passion and intensity of the speaker's desire. The tower represents the speaker's desire for transcendence, as he longs to escape from the limitations of the physical world.

Stylistic Devices

The poem features several stylistic devices, including repetition, imagery, and symbolism. The repeated use of the phrase "I would" emphasizes the speaker's desires and intensifies the emotional impact of the poem. The imagery of the moon, stars, and sea creates a dreamlike atmosphere and emphasizes the mysterious and transcendent nature of the speaker's desires. The use of symbolism adds depth and complexity to the poem and invites the reader to interpret its meaning in a variety of ways.

Interpretation

He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead is a complex and emotionally charged poem that invites multiple interpretations. On one level, the poem can be seen as a reflection of Yeats' ambivalent feelings towards his lover, Maud Gonne. The poem expresses Yeats' conflicting desires for his beloved and his desire to escape from the pain of his unrequited love.

On another level, the poem can be seen as a meditation on the nature of love, desire, and mortality. The speaker's desire for his beloved's death can be interpreted as a desire for transcendence, as he longs to escape from the limitations of the physical world and attain a higher level of existence. The poem can also be seen as a reflection on the fleeting nature of life and the inevitability of death.

In conclusion, He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead is a powerful and evocative poem that explores the complexities of love, desire, and mortality. The poem's innovative use of imagery, symbolism, and stylistic devices creates a dreamlike atmosphere that invites multiple interpretations. Yeats' poem continues to captivate readers with its haunting beauty and its exploration of the darker aspects of the human experience.

Editor 2 Analysis and Explanation

Poetry He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead: A Masterpiece of Love and Loss

William Butler Yeats, one of the greatest poets of the 20th century, is known for his profound and complex works that explore the themes of love, death, and spirituality. Among his many masterpieces, Poetry He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead stands out as a haunting and powerful expression of the pain and longing that comes with unrequited love.

In this poem, Yeats presents a speaker who is consumed by his love for a woman who does not return his affections. The speaker's desire for his beloved is so intense that he wishes she were dead, so that he could be free from the torment of his unfulfilled love. However, as the poem progresses, the speaker's feelings become more complex and nuanced, revealing the depth of his emotions and the complexity of his relationship with his beloved.

The poem begins with a stark and shocking statement: "I would that we were, my beloved, dead." This opening line sets the tone for the rest of the poem, which is filled with images of death and decay. The speaker goes on to describe how he wishes his beloved were "lying cold and dead" so that he could "kneel beside her and caress / The poor dumb form with love's wild tenderness."

At first glance, this may seem like a cruel and heartless sentiment. However, as the poem progresses, it becomes clear that the speaker's desire for his beloved's death is not motivated by malice or hatred, but rather by a deep and overwhelming love. The speaker is so consumed by his passion for his beloved that he cannot bear the thought of living without her, even if it means living in a world where she does not love him back.

As the poem continues, the speaker's feelings become more complex and nuanced. He describes how he longs to "press / In kisses upon her pallid brow / The sorrowful last drop that, as I know, / Time adds to love's intolerable woe." Here, the speaker reveals that his desire for his beloved's death is not just about escaping his own pain, but also about easing her suffering. He wants to give her the "sorrowful last drop" of his love, even if it means doing so in death.

The poem's imagery is also rich and evocative, adding to the overall sense of longing and loss. The speaker describes how he wishes his beloved were "lying in the darkened room / Where the long shadows of the trees enfold / The stillness of the afternoon." This image of a darkened room, surrounded by the shadows of trees, creates a sense of isolation and loneliness that mirrors the speaker's own feelings of despair.

Throughout the poem, Yeats uses language that is both beautiful and haunting. He describes how the speaker's love is "wild" and "intolerable," and how it fills him with a "passionate despair." These words capture the intensity of the speaker's emotions, and the way in which his love has become a burden that he cannot bear.

At the same time, Yeats also uses language that is tender and compassionate. He describes how the speaker longs to "caress / The poor dumb form with love's wild tenderness," and how he wants to give his beloved the "sorrowful last drop" of his love. These words reveal the depth of the speaker's love, and the way in which it is both painful and beautiful.

In the final stanza of the poem, the speaker's feelings become even more complex. He describes how he wishes his beloved were dead, but also how he longs to "hear her voice, and feel / The softness of her hands." This reveals that the speaker's desire for his beloved's death is not absolute, but rather a reflection of his own pain and longing. He wants to be with her, even if it means living in a world where she does not love him back.

In conclusion, Poetry He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead is a masterpiece of love and loss. Through its haunting imagery and powerful language, Yeats captures the intensity of the speaker's emotions, and the way in which his love has become a burden that he cannot bear. At the same time, the poem also reveals the complexity of the speaker's relationship with his beloved, and the way in which his desire for her death is not motivated by malice or hatred, but rather by a deep and overwhelming love.

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