'Milton (Alcaics)' by Alfred, Lord Tennyson


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O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies,
O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity,
God-gifted organ-voice of England,
Milton, a name to resound for ages;
Whose Titan angels, Gabriel, Abdiel,
Starr'd from Jehovah's gorgeous armouries,
Tower, as the deep-domed empyrean
Rings to the roar of an angel onset--
Me rather all that bowery loneliness,
The brooks of Eden mazily murmuring,
And bloom profuse and cedar arches
Charm, as a wanderer out in ocean,
Where some refulgent sunset of India
Streams o'er a rich ambrosial ocean isle,
And crimson-hued the stately palm-woods
Whisper in odorous heights of even.

Editor 1 Interpretation

Exploring the Depths of Tennyson's "Milton (Alcaics)"

As I delve into Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Milton (Alcaics)," I can't help but marvel at the depth of this poem. It is a tribute to one of the greatest poets in the English language, John Milton, and Tennyson's admiration for him is palpable throughout. But there is much more to this poem than just a tribute to a great poet. It is a reflection on the nature of poetry, the power of the imagination, and the role of the poet in society. In this literary criticism and interpretation, I will explore these themes and more, and try to give a sense of the richness and complexity of Tennyson's vision.

Let's start with the form of the poem. "Milton (Alcaics)" is written in a form called Alcaic meter, which is named after the ancient Greek poet Alcaeus. It is a complex meter that is not commonly used in English poetry, but Tennyson was a master of it. The form consists of four lines, the first three of which have eleven syllables each, and the fourth of which has only five. The rhyme scheme is ABAB, and there is a caesura (a pause) in the middle of the third line. This creates a sense of rhythm and balance that is both musical and powerful.

Now, let's turn to the content of the poem. Tennyson begins by invoking the spirit of Milton, who he imagines as a "great white sepulchre," a tomb that contains the poet's spirit and his legacy. But Tennyson quickly moves beyond the physical image of the tomb to explore the idea of poetry as a living, breathing thing. He writes:

Milton! thou should'st be living at this hour:
England hath need of thee: she is a fen
Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen,
Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower,

Here, Tennyson is suggesting that England is in a state of stagnation, and that it needs the vitality and inspiration of a great poet like Milton to revive it. He lists the areas of society that are in need of this revival: the altar (meaning religion), the sword (meaning military prowess), the pen (meaning literature), and the fireside (meaning family life). In other words, Tennyson sees poetry as a force that can revitalize all aspects of society.

But Tennyson also recognizes the difficulty of this task. He knows that poetry is not just a matter of inspiration, but also of hard work and discipline. He writes:

What recks it them? What need they? They are sped;
And when they list, their lean and flashy songs
Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw;
The hungry sheep look up, and are not fed,

Here, Tennyson is criticizing the poets of his own time who write frivolous, shallow verse that does not nourish the soul. He compares their "flashy songs" to the sound of "scrannel pipes of wretched straw," which is a harsh, grating sound that does not satisfy. He recognizes that the purpose of poetry is not just to entertain, but to inspire and uplift.

Tennyson then turns back to Milton, and describes him as a man of great vision and imagination. He writes:

But who was he, that lone, long-suffering man,
Who waged with giants his eternal war,
Whose cataracts of influence can fan
The petty world to rage, or lure or lure

Here, Tennyson is describing Milton as a man who fought against the "giants" of his time, meaning the forces of tyranny and oppression. He recognizes Milton's "eternal war" as a battle for freedom and justice, and celebrates his ability to inspire others to rage against injustice or to be lured by the beauty of his poetry.

But Tennyson also recognizes that Milton was not perfect. He acknowledges that Milton's personal life was complicated and at times controversial. He writes:

He knew himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.
He knew the seat of song, and was alone
In fitting to its mounts his own wild harp.
He lit his taper at the sun and bore

Here, Tennyson is suggesting that Milton was aware of his own greatness, and that he had a sense of his place in the history of poetry. He also acknowledges that Milton was a solitary figure, devoted to his art and to his own inspiration. But Tennyson does not shy away from the fact that Milton was also a man with flaws and contradictions. He recognizes that Milton's "taper" was lit at the sun, meaning that his inspiration came from a divine source, but he also suggests that Milton "bore" this inspiration with a sense of pride and arrogance.

Throughout the poem, Tennyson explores the idea of poetry as a force that can transform society and inspire greatness in individuals. He recognizes the power of the imagination and the importance of discipline and hard work in the creation of great poetry. He celebrates the legacy of John Milton, but also acknowledges his flaws and contradictions. In short, "Milton (Alcaics)" is a complex and nuanced exploration of the nature of poetry and the role of the poet in society.

As I come to the end of this literary criticism and interpretation, I can't help but feel excited by the depth and richness of Tennyson's vision. He has given us a poem that celebrates the power of poetry itself, and the legacy of one of the greatest poets in the English language. But he has also asked us to acknowledge the difficulty and complexity of this task, and to recognize the flaws and contradictions of even the greatest poets. In the end, Tennyson's vision is one of hope and inspiration, but also of humility and self-awareness. It is a vision that reminds us of the power of poetry to transform our world, and the responsibility that comes with that power.

Editor 2 Analysis and Explanation

Alfred, Lord Tennyson is one of the most celebrated poets of the Victorian era. His works are known for their lyrical beauty, emotional depth, and philosophical insights. Among his many poems, "Milton (Alcaics)" stands out as a masterpiece of poetic tribute and artistic expression. In this 2000-word analysis, we will explore the themes, structure, language, and symbolism of this classic poem, and discover why it continues to inspire and move readers to this day.

The poem "Milton (Alcaics)" is a tribute to the great English poet John Milton, who lived in the 17th century and is best known for his epic poem "Paradise Lost". Tennyson wrote this poem in 1881, more than two centuries after Milton's death, as a way of honoring his legacy and expressing his own admiration and reverence for the poet. The poem is written in the form of Alcaic stanzas, a classical meter used by the ancient Greek poet Alcaeus, which consists of four lines with a specific pattern of syllables and stresses. This form gives the poem a musical quality and a sense of rhythm that enhances its emotional impact.

The poem begins with a description of Milton's blindness, which is a central theme of his life and work. Tennyson writes:

"O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies, O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity, God-gifted organ-voice of England, Milton, a name to resound for ages!"

These lines establish the tone and mood of the poem, which is one of awe and admiration for Milton's talent and achievement. Tennyson uses powerful adjectives and metaphors to describe Milton's poetic abilities, such as "mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies" and "God-gifted organ-voice of England". These phrases suggest that Milton's poetry is not just a product of his intellect and skill, but also a divine gift that he has been blessed with. The use of the word "inventor" also implies that Milton's poetry is not just a reflection of his own experience, but also a creative act of imagination that transforms reality into art.

The second stanza of the poem continues the theme of Milton's blindness, but also introduces a new motif of light and darkness. Tennyson writes:

"Long after thou art laid in thy lowly bed, I, in thy greatness, still shall linger on, Martyr'd Seraph! Cherub! Milton still, Of Milton in his boundless contumely!"

These lines suggest that Milton's greatness will endure even after his death, and that his poetry will continue to inspire and move people for generations to come. The use of the words "Martyr'd Seraph" and "Cherub" also suggests that Milton's blindness is not just a physical disability, but also a spiritual affliction that has given him a unique perspective on the world. The image of Milton as a "Martyr'd Seraph" also suggests that his poetry is a form of sacrifice, a way of transcending his own suffering and reaching out to others.

The third stanza of the poem shifts the focus from Milton's personal life to his political and social context. Tennyson writes:

"An eye among the blind, That, deaf and silent, reads the eternal deep, Haunted for ever by the eternal mind,— Mighty prophet! Seer blest!"

These lines suggest that Milton's blindness has given him a special insight into the deeper truths of existence, and that his poetry is a way of communicating these truths to others. The use of the words "eternal deep" and "eternal mind" also suggests that Milton's poetry is not just a reflection of his own experience, but also a way of tapping into the universal consciousness that underlies all reality. The image of Milton as a "mighty prophet" and "Seer blest" also suggests that his poetry is a form of prophecy, a way of anticipating and shaping the future.

The fourth and final stanza of the poem returns to the theme of Milton's blindness, but also introduces a new motif of music and song. Tennyson writes:

"Thy soul was like a Star, and dwelt apart; Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea: Pure as the naked heavens, majestic, free, So didst thou travel on life's common way, In cheerful godliness; and yet thy heart The lowliest duties on herself did lay."

These lines suggest that Milton's poetry is not just a product of his intellect and imagination, but also a reflection of his soul and spirit. The use of the metaphor of a "Star" suggests that Milton's poetry is a source of light and guidance for others, and that his blindness has not diminished his inner radiance. The image of Milton's voice as "like the sea" also suggests that his poetry is a powerful force that can move and transform people, just as the sea can shape and reshape the land. The final lines of the poem suggest that Milton's poetry is not just a lofty and abstract expression of ideas, but also a practical and ethical guide for living a good life. The phrase "cheerful godliness" suggests that Milton's poetry is not just serious and solemn, but also joyful and optimistic, and that his heart is filled with love and compassion for all humanity.

In conclusion, "Milton (Alcaics)" is a powerful and moving tribute to the great English poet John Milton, and a testament to the enduring power of poetry to inspire, uplift, and transform people. Through its use of powerful imagery, musical language, and philosophical insights, the poem captures the essence of Milton's life and work, and celebrates his legacy as a poet, prophet, and visionary. Whether read as a historical document, a literary masterpiece, or a spiritual guide, "Milton (Alcaics)" remains a timeless and universal expression of the human spirit, and a testament to the enduring power of poetry to touch and transform our lives.

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