'To ----' by Sidney Lanier


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The Day was dying; his breath
Wavered away in a hectic gleam;
And I said, if Life's a dream, and Death
And Love and all are dreams -- I'll dream.

A mist came over the bay
Like as a dream would over an eye.
The mist was white and the dream was grey
And both contained a human cry,

The burthen whereof was "Love",
And it filled both mist and dream with pain,
And the hills below and the skies above
Were touched and uttered it back again.

The mist broke:down the rift
A kind ray shot from a holy star.
Then my dream did waver and break and lift --
Through it, O Love, shone thy face, afar.

So Boyhood sets:comes Youth,
A painful night of mists and dreams;
That broods till Love's exquisite truth,
The star of a morn-clear manhood, beams.


Editor 1 Interpretation

A Deeper Look at Sidney Lanier's "To ----"

Have you ever read a poem that took you by surprise, that made you think deeply about the nature of life and the human experience? That's the kind of poem you'll find in Sidney Lanier's "To ----."

At first glance, "To ----" appears to be a simple poem about the beauty of nature, but upon closer examination, it reveals itself to be a meditation on the fragility of life, the transience of beauty, and the inevitability of death.

The Beauty of Nature

The first three stanzas of "To ----" are devoted to describing the natural world. Lanier paints a vivid picture of the landscape, using lush imagery to capture the beauty of the trees, flowers, and birds. The language is rich and sensuous, with a focus on the tactile and visual qualities of the natural world:

The oak-leaves fall in the waters,
The south-wind tips the corn,
The misletoe hangs in the portal,
The leaves of the holly are worn.

As we read these lines, we can practically feel the leaves brushing against our skin and the wind rustling through the fields. Lanier's use of sensory language draws us into the poem and allows us to experience the beauty of nature for ourselves.

The Fragility of Life

However, as the poem continues, Lanier begins to shift the focus away from nature and onto the human experience. He reminds us that while nature is eternal, human beings are not:

The oak to the ax, to the forest
The pine to the flame,
The rainbow trout to the angler,
The salmon to the same,
And the bird to the fowler,
Behold their latter end
In the dust and the damp together,
Where oblivion ends.

Here, Lanier uses a series of metaphors to illustrate the transience of life. Just as the oak is cut down by the ax and the bird is caught by the fowler, so too are human beings subject to the ravages of time and mortality.

This theme of mortality is further developed in the fourth stanza, where Lanier writes:

The stream will cease to flow;
The wind will cease to blow;
The clouds will cease to fleet;
The heart will cease to beat;
For all things must die.

These lines are a stark reminder of our own mortality. No matter how much we may wish to cling to life, we too must eventually succumb to death.

The Inevitability of Death

Despite the bleakness of this message, however, Lanier manages to find beauty in it. In the final two stanzas of the poem, he writes:

But a soul that is deathless
What shall it do?
It shall gaze on the gleam of the waters
And the light that the stars pour through:
And dreams shall arise of the future,
And visions shall visit the mind,
And the soul shall be fed by the splendors
Of the treasures that death cannot bind.

For all things must die,
And man and bird and beast,
But the soul of man may aspire
To a wisdom that never shall cease.

Here, Lanier suggests that while our bodies may die, our souls live on. We may find comfort in the fact that death cannot destroy the beauty and wonder of the natural world, nor can it diminish the capacity of the human soul for wisdom and insight.

In this way, "To ----" transcends its melancholy message and becomes a celebration of the human spirit. It reminds us that even in the face of death, we can find hope and beauty in the world around us.

Conclusion

Overall, "To ----" is a powerful and thought-provoking poem that invites readers to reflect on the nature of life, death, and the human experience. Through Lanier's use of vivid imagery and rich language, we are drawn into a world of beauty and wonder, only to be reminded of the fragility of our own existence. Yet even in the face of death, Lanier finds hope and meaning in the human spirit, reminding us that the soul is a force that cannot be extinguished by mortality. In this way, "To ----" stands as a testament to the enduring power of poetry to capture the complexity and wonder of the human experience.

Editor 2 Analysis and Explanation

Poetry To ----: A Masterpiece of Literary Artistry

Sidney Lanier's Poetry To ---- is a masterpiece of literary artistry that has captivated readers for generations. This poem is a perfect example of how a skilled poet can use language to create a vivid and emotional experience for the reader. In this analysis, we will explore the themes, structure, and language of Poetry To ---- to understand why it is considered a classic of American poetry.

Themes

The central theme of Poetry To ---- is the power of poetry to transcend the limitations of the physical world and connect us to something greater. Lanier uses vivid imagery and metaphor to convey this idea, painting a picture of a world where poetry is a force that can transport us to new heights of understanding and emotion.

The poem begins with the speaker addressing an unknown person, referred to only as "----." The speaker tells ---- that he has been "singing" to her, and that his songs have taken him to "realms where the air is gold." This opening stanza sets the tone for the rest of the poem, establishing the idea that poetry is a means of transcending the physical world and entering a realm of pure emotion and imagination.

Throughout the poem, Lanier uses vivid imagery to convey the power of poetry. He describes the "crimson-tufted canopy" of the sky, the "purple mist" that hangs over the mountains, and the "golden haze" that surrounds the speaker. These images create a sense of wonder and awe, suggesting that poetry has the power to transport us to a world beyond our own.

Structure

The structure of Poetry To ---- is simple but effective. The poem consists of four stanzas, each with six lines. The rhyme scheme is ABABCC, with the final line of each stanza serving as a refrain. This structure gives the poem a sense of unity and coherence, reinforcing the central theme of the power of poetry.

The use of the refrain is particularly effective in this poem. The repetition of the final line of each stanza creates a sense of continuity, linking each stanza together and reinforcing the central message of the poem. The refrain also serves as a reminder of the power of poetry, driving home the idea that poetry is a force that can transport us to new heights of understanding and emotion.

Language

The language of Poetry To ---- is rich and evocative, creating a vivid and emotional experience for the reader. Lanier uses a variety of literary devices to convey his message, including metaphor, imagery, and personification.

One of the most striking examples of Lanier's use of language is his description of the sky as a "crimson-tufted canopy." This metaphor creates a vivid image in the reader's mind, suggesting that the sky is a luxurious and beautiful object. The use of the word "canopy" also suggests that the sky is a protective and nurturing force, reinforcing the idea that poetry can transport us to a world beyond our own.

Lanier also uses personification to great effect in this poem. He describes the mountains as having a "purple mist" that "hangs like a veil." This personification creates a sense of mystery and wonder, suggesting that the mountains are alive and imbued with a sense of magic. This use of personification reinforces the idea that poetry has the power to transport us to a world beyond our own.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Poetry To ---- is a masterpiece of literary artistry that has captivated readers for generations. Through its vivid imagery, powerful themes, and evocative language, this poem conveys the idea that poetry has the power to transcend the limitations of the physical world and connect us to something greater. The simple but effective structure of the poem reinforces this central message, creating a sense of unity and coherence that drives home the power of poetry. Overall, Poetry To ---- is a classic of American poetry that continues to inspire and move readers to this day.

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